Métodos de Amostragem e Tratamento de Dados
Código
0200909Créditos ECTS
4Objetivos
Os principais objetivos desta disciplina são os seguintes:
1. Conhecer as principais formas de amostragem estatística;
2. Saber fazer análise exploratória de dados estatísticos: medidas de tendência central; medidas de dispersão; e, tipos de distribuição
3. Capacidade para fazer diferentes tipos de gráficos adequados a diferentes tipos de dados;
4. Saber aplicar testes paramétricos e não paramétricos para comparação de dados estatísticos;
5. Capacidade de utilização de métodos de correlação e regressão de variáveis estatísticas.
Programa
Introduction to Ecological Sampling
- Importance of sampling in ecology
- Types of ecological data:
Biological parameter, statistical parameter, variable
- Exploratory data analysis
Frequency distributions, descriptive statistics and graphic methods
- Hypothesis testing
Null hypothesis (H0) and alternative hypothesis (HA)
Type I and Type II errors
Significance and Power of a test
Basic Sampling Techniques
- Measurable vs manipulative essays
- Sample size and Sample error
Representative sample
Replication vs Pseudoreplication
- Sampling Plans
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Experimental Design
- Parametric Analysis – t-test and ANOVA
- Fixed and random factors models
One-factor
Factorial designs
Nested designs
- Non-parametric analysis: When to use?
Métodos de Ensino
The contents of the curricular unit will be passed on to the students in online theoretical (T) and theoretical-practical (TP) classes, using dynamic visual presentations and resolution of exercises. Expository and interrogative methods will be used to keep students' attention and participation. Solving problems in class will help consolidate knowledge. The use of data analysis software (e.g. Excel) will be encouraged to enable statistical tests to be carried out and graphs to be drawn up quickly.
The most relevant bibliography will be made available via the Moodle b-learning platform, which will also be used asynchronously to clarify doubts and/or provide additional information.
Bibliografia
BROWER, J. E., ZAR, J. H. & von ENDE, C. N. 1990. Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology (3rd edition), Wm. C. brown Publishers. 237 pp.
COCHRAN, W. G. & COX, G. M. 1957. Experimental Designs (2nd edition), John Wiley & Sons. 611 pp.
KREBS, Ch. J., 1999 (2ª edição). Ecological Methodology, Addison-Welsey Educational Publishers, Inc., Menlo Park, CA. 620 pp.
SOUTHWOOD, T. R. E. & HENDERSEN, P. A. 2000. Ecological Methods (3rd edition), Blackwell Science, Oxford. 575 pp.
SUTHERLAND, W. J. (Ed.). 2004. Ecological Census Techniques – A handbook. Cambridge University Press. 336 pp.
UNDERWOOD, A. J. 1997. Experiments in Ecology – their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge University Press. 504 pp.
ZAR, J. H. 2000. Biostatistical Analysis (4nd edition), Prentice-Hall International Editions.
Students will also be provided with specific bibliography on the different subjects addressed in each lesson.